| Learning Objective #1: Describe how research on the concept of spirituality was reported in the health literature from or between 1990-2000 | |||
| Learning Objective #2: Extend understanding of spirituality from cultural and historical perspectives |
Spirituality is a universal human phenomenon, yet confusion and incomprehension of the concept is ever-present. Objective: The objectives of the study are to 1) identify the essential elements in a definition of spirituality which has been reported in the health literature in 1990-2000; 2) investigate currently used theoretical frameworks/conceptual models in spirituality research; and 3) examine the concept of spirituality from a transcultural and historical perspectives. Methods: The examination was based on a qualitative integrative review approach. Sample: The sample included 73 spirituality research articles, which were published in English between January 1990 through September 2000. An electronic data-collection tool was designed for use in this project, and formatted using Excel software for transfer of coded data into the NVivo software for the comparative qualitative data analysis and interpretation. Findings: The results identified essential elements of spirituality, current use of operational definitions and instruments, conceptual frameworks used in spirituality research, and cultural aspects of spirituality. Historical comparison among decades and barriers in researching spirituality are also discussed. Conclusions: Spirituality, while not precisely defined, was conceptualized by concepts of: existential; connectedness with Self, Others, Nature, and Higher Being; transcendence; and force/power/energy. The thematic analysis of operational definitions accorded with the results of the conceptual definitions, including existential, relational, transcendent, subjective, and expressive. Cross-cultural examination of the concept of spirituality demonstrated cultural commonality and particularity. Comparing words used to describe spirituality in 1991 with those used in 2000, fewer religiously related terms and stronger focus on personal aspects were found. Implications: Spirituality is an essential element of nursing practice. The investigation of spirituality will have an increased importance for nursing. A better understanding of this concept will help ensure the delivery of high quality health care to all clients.
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Sigma Theta Tau International
10-12 July 2003