Learning Objective #1: Describe the organizing principles for comparing readiness of countries to collaborate in research

Learning Objective #2: Identify issues surrounding ethics and culture that need to be examined prior to collaborating in research

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Introduction: While a number of authors have written about background issues which need to be examined among countries before collaborative work in research is initiated, they can generally be summarized according to the following organizing principles: a) background of the country b) current system of government c) social/economic status d) major health issues e) how health care is financed f) system of education for health professionals g) sociopolitical role (place of health in overall scheme)

Purpose of the study: Examination of common goals for collaboration using the above organizing principles was conducted by researchers in Australia, Italy, and the USA. In addition, ethical differences (principles of informed consent, beneficence and justice) and cultural differences (faculty/student roles in research, issues surrounding publication and contribution of work) were also examined.

Method: Using interview protocols, and observational techniques, qualitative data were collected in each of the organizing areas above. Additionally, data were collected in ethics and cultural differences.

Data Analysis: Using content analyses, thematic issues were identified in each country. Common and divergent themes were identified and compared among all three countries.

Results: Most differences in background, ethics and culture were found between Italy as compared to the USA/Australia, while more common areas existed between the USA and Australia. While these differences occur, the real challenge is to bridge these areas in order to improve collaboration in research.