Management and leadership are often used interchangeably, even in the West.  However, the West defines them differently.  In areas of Tanzania and India the concepts are often understood to be interchangeable.  The role of manager connotes leadership; however, the Western characteristics of leadership are not understood to be part of this role. 

The Western concept of leadership is appreciated by nurses in other cultures, however, it is often viewed as part of a man’s role, as part of the role of the head of a hospital or department, or as a calling from God.  When questioned about a particular aspect of leadership, such as guiding people to achieve a common goal, the nurses agree that that is part of their role. 

One of the conclusions drawn from the pilot study is that nurses in Tanzania and India practice leadership as it is defined in the West, however, they do not readily acknowledge that it is leadership.  This results from the aforementioned cultural views.  This supports the hypothesis that the understanding and practice of nursing leadership is impacted by culture.