Theoretical Framework: Conceptual framework was developed by synthesizing authentic leadership theory, concept of caring in nursing, and literature review on nurse leader attributes.
Methods: Quantitative Analysis
Design: Polit & Beck’s method of developing multi-item scale implemented: conceptualizing the construct, developing item pool, deciding scaling/scoring methods, evaluating wording features, readability, expert review of content validity, pilot testing and full-scale testing of the instrument. Full scale testing utilized a cross-over design comparing Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire with Authentic Leadership Questionnaire. Test-retest reliability week 3, after baseline data completion.
Sample: Expert panel included 20 masters/doctoral prepared registered nurses with nurse executive leadership experience.
Pilot (n=20); full scale testing (n=309) included staff RNs providing 50% or more patient care.
Setting: acute care
Measures: Demographic, Area Work-life, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Utrecht Engagement Questionnaire, Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire
Analysis: Descriptive, inferential statistics, exploratory factor analysis, structural equation modeling
Results: ANLQ: 35 items, 5 subscales
Expert Panel: Content validity analysis determined three questions scored below the benchmark
I-CVI and three questions S-CVI scored below benchmark of .9. Final questionnaire 29 items.
Pilot study: Cronbach alpha .987 for the 29-item scale
Full study: Cronbach’s alpha .985 for the 29-item scale. Construct Validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis which determined 73.6% of variance explained by the 3 Factor and 76.2% for the 5 Factor. A confirmatory factor analysis determined the second order structure model the best of three. The type of model fit indices examined (absolute, relative and parsimony fit) hypothesis testing. Test-retest reliabilities for examination by ICC analysis.
Conclusion: Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to measure perceived authentic nursing leadership. Findings from this study supported that the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire demonstrated better nursing values as indicated by a stronger relationship with nursing areas of work-life and nurse engagement.
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